The control of gene expression (A-level only)

This topic explores the complex mechanisms by which cells control protein synthesis, ensuring genes are expressed only when required. It covers regulation at the transcriptional level (including transcription factors and operons), post-transcriptional modifications, and translational control, alongside the role of epigenetics in modifying phenotypes without altering DNA sequences. Students will also examine the genetic control of cell division (cancer), the regulation of development via Homeobox genes, and the potential of stem cells in medical therapies.