Study Notes
Overview
Life Chances, a concept pioneered by Max Weber, refers to the opportunities an individual has to improve their quality of life, access social rewards like wealth and power, and avoid negative outcomes like poverty and poor health. For the OCR GCSE Sociology exam, candidates must demonstrate a robust understanding of how social stratification—the hierarchical division of society into different groups—profoundly shapes these chances. Examiners expect a detailed analysis of the intersection between class, gender, ethnicity, and age, supported by both theoretical frameworks and empirical evidence. This involves contrasting structural explanations, such as those offered by Marxism and Feminism which see society's very fabric as unequal, with cultural explanations like the New Right, which focus on the values and behaviours of individuals. A high-scoring response will move beyond simple description to evaluate these competing perspectives, using specific data and sociological concepts to build a convincing argument.
Key Concepts & Theories
Social Stratification
What it is: The system by which society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy. This creates unequal access to resources and opportunities.
Why it matters: It's the foundation of life chances. An individual's position in the social strata is the single most important predictor of their future outcomes. Examiners expect you to use this term to frame any discussion of inequality.
Specific Knowledge: You should be able to link stratification to different dimensions of inequality: social class (occupation/income), gender, ethnicity, and age.
Weber's Theory of Life Chances
What it is: Max Weber argued that life chances are determined by a combination of three factors:
- Class: A person's economic position in society, based on their "market situation" (skills, qualifications, and occupation).
- Status: The amount of social honour or prestige a person or group has, often linked to lifestyle.
- Party: The extent to which a person can influence decision-making and exercise political power, often through groups like trade unions or political parties.
Why it matters: Weber provides a more complex model than Marx's focus on just economic class. It allows for a multi-dimensional analysis of inequality, which is essential for top marks.
Theoretical Perspectives on Inequality
Structural Theories: These argue that inequality is built into the structure of society.
- Marxism: Sees society as a conflict between the bourgeoisie (ruling class) and the proletariat (working class). Capitalism, by its nature, exploits the proletariat, systematically limiting their life chances to the benefit of the bourgeoisie. The 'reserve army of labour' keeps wages low and workers compliant.
- Feminism: Argues that society is patriarchal, meaning it is dominated by men. This systemic bias disadvantages women in all areas of life, from the gender pay gap to the 'triple shift' (paid work, domestic work, emotional work), thereby restricting their life chances compared to men.
Cultural Theories:
- The New Right: This perspective, associated with thinkers like Charles Murray, argues that inequality is the result of cultural factors, not structural barriers. Murray famously argued that an 'underclass' exists which has a 'culture of poverty' and a 'dependency culture' on the welfare state. They subscribe to deviant norms and values (e.g., low work ethic, lone parenthood) which they pass on to their children, creating a cycle of deprivation and poor life chances.